ADHD

Although science has not yet been able to provide all the answers, we do know that this disorder is caused by a variety of genetic and environmental factors.

ADHD is characterized by a combination of symptoms that can be divided into three categories: hyperactivity, attention deficit and impulsivity.

Hyperactivity

• climbs everywhere
• cannot remain seated, is constantly squirming
• talks excessively, non-stop
• is constantly "on the go"
• hands and feet constantly fidgeting

Attention deficit 

• has trouble organizing activities
• is incapable of concentrating and focusing
• does not pay close attention to detail or makes careless mistakes
• does not seem to listen when spoken to
• often forgetful in daily activities
• constantly jumps from one task to another
• loses things

Impulsivity

• interrupts or blurts out answers before questions have been finished
• is disorganized and lacks discipline
• requires constant attention
• undertakes dangerous activities unaware of the risks
• has trouble waiting one's turn

interrupts and intrudes on the conversations of others

ADHD is divided into three categories based on symptoms:

• ADHD-Inattentive - if the primary symptoms are attention deficit.
• ADHD-Hyperactive-Impulsive: if the primary symptoms are hyperactivity and impulsivity.
• ADHD-Combined: If all the symptoms are present. This is the most common type of ADHD.

As they grow older, about 80% of teenagers and 60% of adults will continue to experience persistent disruptive symptoms. These symptoms however, may change over time. For example, a person with ADHD may become less hyperactive but will experience increased attention deficit.

Children are typically diagnosed around the age of 7 years. A physical examination is usually the first step as it will help rule out any medical conditions. Diagnosis is then based on the observation of symptoms. These symptoms must interfere with a person's normal activities. Children must be observed at home and in another setting. Symptoms must be present for at least 6 months and some of the symptoms must have been present before age 6. Additional examinations may also be requested.

Another important step is to determine whether or not the child has a learning disability. Proper treatment is a collaborative effort that involves teachers/psychoeducators/parents/and health care professionals.

When it comes to treating ADHD, there are two elements that are vital: psychosocial treatment and the regular use of medication. Research has clearly revealed that medication alone is not enough.

Psychosocial treatment can take many forms. It can involve behavioural changes at home and at school. Parents can arrange to meet with a specialized teacher or psychologist, alone, with the entire family or in a group setting. Family members are also encouraged to learn about the disorder to gain a better understanding of what they are dealing with. All these steps will have a significant impact on the child and the family.

As for the medication aspect of treatment, stimulants are the most effective and most commonly used medication for ADHD. They help manage symptoms by acting directly on the chemical messengers in the brain. Long-acting formulations help keep the child focused throughout the day, without having to take medication at school. Other drugs can also be prescribed. During treatment, it is important to assess whether the medication is having an effect on symptoms for proper monitoring of efficacy.

Some parents, often out of fear of creating dependency, hesitate when faced with the idea of giving medication to their child. In fact, the medications that are used do not lead to dependency. Furthermore, they can help the child complete activities that otherwise, would have been difficult and even impossible for them to complete.

For more information or for support:

Center for ADD/ADHD advocacy Canada (in English only)

www.caddac.ca/cms/page.php?2

Regroupement des associations de parents PANDA du Québec (in French only)

www.associationpanda.qc.ca